http://content.apa.org/journals/epp The European Psychologist, the English language voice of psychology in Europe, integrates across all specializations in psychology and provides a general platform for communication and cooperation among psychologists throughout Europe and worldwide. en-us Copyright 2008 American Psychological Association Rainer K. Silbereisen, PhD 10169040 Mon, 17 Nov 2008 01:12:55 EST http://journals.apa.org/toc/journal/journal-epp.jpg 77 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp Business/Publishing and Printing/Publishing/Academic and Technical/Science Health/Mental Health Science/Social Sciences/Psychology/Journals and Publications http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/239 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/239 The present research examined the idea that the effectiveness of apologies on promoting fairness perceptions depends on how meaningful and sincere the apology is experienced. More precisely, it was predicted that apologies are more effective when they are communicated by an authority being respectful to others. A study using a cross-sectional organizational survey showed that an apology (relative to giving no apology) revealed higher fairness perceptions, but only so when the authority was respectful rather than disrespectful. In a subsequent experimental laboratory study the same interaction effect (as in Study 1) on fairness perceptions was found. In addition, a similar interaction effect also emerged on participants' self-evaluations in terms of relational appreciation (i.e., feeling valued and likeable). Finally, these self-evaluations accounted (at least partly) for the interactive effect on fairness perceptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 De Cremer, David; Schouten, Barbara C. American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.239 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/248 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/248 This paper applies just world research to the analysis of bullying at school and examines the relation between the belief in a personal just world (BJW) and self-reported behavior in bullying situations. The hypotheses tested were that the more strongly students endorse the personal BJW, the less likely they should be to bully others, the less likely they should see themselves as victims, and the more likely they should be to defend victims of bullying. The participants were 187 Portuguese students in the 7th to 9th grade. The results showed that the stronger the adolescents' endorsements of the BJW, the less likely they were to engage in bullying behavior, and this association persisted when controlled for emotional empathy. Defending the victim or becoming a victim was unrelated, however. The implications of these results for further studies on bullying and victimization are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Correia, Isabel; Dalbert, Claudia American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.248 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/255 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/255 Timing matters in the development of adolescents' behavioral autonomy. Drawing from two German national surveys, the present studies showed that premature curfew autonomy (measured retrospectively) was associated with developmental risks in late adolescence (16-21 years, assessed in 1996) and young adulthood (25-30 years, assessed in 2005). Premature individuals neither experienced socioeconomic disadvantages nor had lower educational aspirations in late adolescence, but they attained lower levels of education in young adulthood. Premature curfew autonomy was further associated with maladjustment regarding certain developmental challenges of late adolescence (higher deviant behavior, lower disclosure, higher identity diffusion, and lower planfulness) and young adulthood (no differences in employment and partnership status, but higher demands of social change in work, family, and public life). Finally, premature curfew autonomy was related to lower subjective well-being in late adolescence and young adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Haase, Claudia M.; Tomasik, Martin J.; Silbereisen, Rainer K. American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.255 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/267 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/267 This study examines how intergroup context effects on national and European self-identification are in part dependent upon the perceived category relations between relevant self-categories (Rutland & Cinnirella, 2000). Based upon the findings of a first study (N = 45) into the perceived similarity of Scottish, British and European self-categories, we successfully a priori predicted the direction of context effects on self-identification. Our second study (N = 104) found intergroup context effects on European self-identification but not Scottish and British self-identification. As anticipated, European self-identification decreased when Germans and Americans were included in the comparative intergroup context. This study extends previous research into intergroup context effects on self-identification by showing it is possible to predict the direction of such effects with prior consideration of the perceived category relations between self-categories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Rutland, Adam; Cinnirella, Marco; Simpson, Rhona American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.267 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/277 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/277 Research in the field of metacognition, a multifaceted phenomenon, is in the main fragmented without much theoretical integration of the findings related to its various facets. Moreover, metacognition is usually conceived of as an individual and conscious process that serves the regulation of cognition. However, there is growing evidence that metacognition also functions at a nonconscious level, is involved in the co-regulation of cognition in collaborative settings, and interacts with affect in the self-regulation of behavior. Based on these considerations, a multifaceted and multilevel model of metacognition is proposed that broadens Nelson and Naren's conceptualization of metacognition. The implications for theory and measurement of metacognition as well as for interventions involving metacognition are explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Efklides, Anastasia American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.277 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/288 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/288 This paper cross-culturally tests an extended version of the planned behavior theory. Using cross-sectional surveys of 801 university students from four different cultures (high vs. low individualism, and English- vs. Spanish-speaking), we expected anticipated feelings of guilt to predict behavioral intention in cultures high on individualism, whereas anticipated feelings of embarrassment would be predictive of intention in cultures low on individualism. Results from a series of structural equation models showed that anticipated embarrassment had virtually the same effect as guilt across all four cultures. Although technically distinct, anticipated guilt and embarrassment were nearly indistinguishable from an individual perspective so that either concept is able to increase the explanatory power of the planned behavior theory for environmental conservation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Kaiser, Florian G.; Schultz, P. Wesley; Berenguer, Jaime; Corral-Verdugo, Victor; Tankha, Geetika American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.288 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/298 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/298 Is the effort invested to achieve taxable income a relevant factor for tax compliance? If the value of income increases with the effort exerted, reluctance to pay taxes should be high. On the other hand, if income is perceived as compensation for one's endeavor, there is too much at stake to take the risk of being audited and paying a fine. Consequently, tax evasion should be more likely if income was obtained easily. These contradicting predictions were tested in a questionnaire study with samples from eight countries (Australia, Austria, England, France, Italy, New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland; N = 1,223). Results show that the effort exerted to obtain taxable income and the aspiration level matter in compliance decisions. Hard-earned money is more likely to be reported honestly to tax authorities, particularly if the aspiration level can be satisfied by honest tax reporting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Muehlbacher, Stephan; Kirchler, Erich; Hoelzl, Erik; Ashby, Julie; Berti, Chiara; Job, Jenny; Kemp, Simon; Peterlik, Ursula; Roland-Lévy, Christine; Waldherr, Karin American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.298 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/305 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/305 Cohen's ? (kappa) is typically used as a measure of degree of rater agreement. It is often criticized because it is marginal-dependent. In this article, this characteristic is explained and illustrated in the context of (1) nonuniform marginal probability distributions, (2) odds ratios that remain constant while ? changes in the presence of varying marginal distributions, and (3) percentages of raw agreement that remain constant while ? changes in the presence of varying marginal distributions. The meaning and interpretation of ? are explained with reference to the log-linear main effect model of variable independence. This model is used for the estimation of the expected cell frequencies of agreement tables. It is shown that the interpretation of ? as a measure of degree of agreement is incorrect. The correct interpretation is that ? assesses the degree of agreement beyond that expected based on a statistical model such as the independence or the null model. Based on Goodman's (1991) distinction between marginal-free and marginal-dependent measures, it is shown that ? is marginal-dependent. It shares this characteristic with the well-known ?²-statistic and the correlation coefficient for cross-classifications. In contrast, the odds ratio, the unweighted log-linear interaction, and the percentage of raw agreement are marginal-free. Therefore, the expectation that marginal-dependent ? would reflect the same data characteristics as some of the marginal-free measures is misguided. It is recommended that researchers report both measures of degree of agreement and measures of agreement beyond some expectation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 von Eye, Alexander; von Eye, Maxine American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.305 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/316 http://content.apa.org/journals/epp/13/4/316 Reviews the book, Well-being: Individual, community, and social perspectives, edited by J. Haworth and G. Hart (2007). The aim of this book is to extend on the state of the art of well-being research by focusing on the social perspective. Although the positive psychology movement has initiated and fueled a remarkable harvest of knowledge of factors influencing individual well-being, its social dimensions beyond situational conditions and social support by family and friends have been rarely discussed. In fact, the social-political side of the individual pursuit of well-being has largely been neglected so far by psychological research. Thus, this is an important book--and one worth reading by anyone interested in the conditions of positive life. A rich collection of heterogeneous perspectives, including the arts, politics, ecology and, in particular, the context of professional labor and work, opens several new, sometimes creative approaches and views on well-being. Here, chapters on paid work, leisure, or organizational commitment offer many inspiring insights and findings on the social dimension of well-being in this important facet of everyone's everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) European Psychologist - Vol 13, Iss 4 2008 Greve, Werner American Psychological Association 10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.316